On Truth and Falsity

                    Additional Criticisms of Skepticism

The skeptics claim that humans have appearances but that no one can tell if their appearances are real or not real. They admit that appearances could be real, but what would reality be? All appearances; that is, all sense objects and all thought objects, even if they are illusions, prove themselves to be useful in the formulation of useful systems that prove to be beneficial to humanity. This means usefulness could be the same as reality. This also means that all sense objects and thought objects cannot be illusions because all illusions prove themselves to be useless. All illusions mean nothing. But it is useful to know that they mean nothing. All words in any language mean sense objects and thought objects all of which happen to be useful for humans to form useful systems. What about nonsense words? Nonsense words mean nothing, and it is useful to know that they mean nothing. These facts can only mean that all sense objects and all thought objects are experienced by humans, and all of them happen to be useful and therefore real.

But humans can also formulate systems that are false and useless. But whenever anyone analyzes any false system, one always finds that all false and useless systems always comprise true and real and useful sense objects and/or thought objects. This fact can only mean that humans never experience anything that is not real. Humans always form false systems by their use of true and real and useful sense objects and thought objects. Humans can only experience reality, and all sense objects and all thought objects have to be real because they all are useful.

But if humans can never experience unreality, then how can humans ever come to know that it exists, or actually non-exists? Humans have been given the real and useful idea of nothing that humans can use to identify the falsity in false systems. Falsity indirectly indicates unreality. For example, humans can recognize that the system 2+3=6 as a false system that means nothing even though all of its signs and numbers happen to be true and real. The useful idea of nothing gives humans the ability to recognize falsity which indirectly indicates unreality. The ability to recognize false systems proves to be very useful to humans because humans know to discard all false systems from reality. This fact means humans can learn and grow in their recognition of reality because they can create new and useful systems, and they can also usefully discard all false systems. But humans never directly experience unreality because it actually does not exist.

Only reality exists. If one subtracts all true and real experiences from any false system, one is left with only nothing. But that is the real idea of nothing which gives humans the ability to recognize false systems. By the use of the real idea of nothing, humans can indirectly recognize the unreality in false systems. But humans can never directly recognize unreality itself because it does not exist.

Some words which are the results of false theories, which are false systems, have been thought to be possibly real, but when these words have been discovered to be false, and mean nothing, they have been discarded from reality. For example, the word "aether," which was the product of a false theory about a substance that was thought to pervade space, was discovered by experiments to non-exist, the word "aether" was discarded from reality because it means nothing. But the non-existence of the substance called "aether" has never been experienced by humans.